Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans -  "Stereotypes are "cognitive structures that contain the perceiver's knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups" (Peffley et al., 1997, p. 31). These cognitive constructs are often created out of a kernel of truth and then distorted beyond reality (Hoffmann, 1986). Racial stereotypes are constructed beliefs that all members of the same race share given characteristics. These attributed characteristics are usually negative (Jewell, 1993)."

Substantial racial stereotyping toward young children of color found among white adults who work with them
"Young children and youth of color in the U.S. face significant racial stereotyping from white adults who work or volunteer with them.  This national study analyzed for the first time stereotypes held by white adults who work or volunteer with children across the U.S., examining their reported attitudes toward adults, teenagers and children from a range of racial and ethnic backgrounds. This includes attitudes toward black and Hispanic/Latinx groups, but also toward those from Native American, Asian and Arab backgrounds."

Video  presentation
Dr. Toni Sturdivant, PhD, Assistant Professor of Curriculum and Instruction, Texas A&M University-Commerce, argues “how young Black children view their racial identities matters, and this is applicable to children of the African diaspora as a whole, as well Africans residing in the continent, as we are all exposed to messages of anti-blackness, due to the colonization, imperialism and the globalization of Western media that promotes Eurocentric beauty standards and anti-Blackness.”

Sana Qadar interviews Dr. Toni Sturdivant:  Dolls can tell us a lot about how kids see the world–especially when it comes to race. One American researcher spent months watching pre-schoolers play with dolls and what she observed shocked her. Plus, did you know the very first study of children and their thoughts about dolls actually changed the course of American history?  (Read more and access interview)

Dear White Teachers: You Can’t Love Your Black Students If You Don’t Know Them -- Why loving “all” students isn’t good enough

Bettina L. Love, UGA: Black Girls and Discipline (video)

Video Interview
"Henry Armand Giroux is an American and Canadian scholar and cultural critic. One of the founding theorists of critical pedagogy in the United States, he is best known for his pioneering work in public pedagogy, cultural studies, youth studies, higher education, media studies, and critical theory."

The Charter-to-Prison Pipeline by Alexandria Millet - "The charter system that often paints itself as a better option for black parents does not acknowledge the harm rigid disciplinary policies can impose on black students."

The Criminalization of Black Children: Race, Gender and Delinquency in Chicago's Juvenile Justice System, 1899-1945. "Agyepong argues that when black children migrated north to Chicago in the wake of abolition, they encountered a fledgling set of juvenile justice and child-welfare institutions that gradually adopted differential treatment toward black and white youth. One of the many highlights of Agyepong's work is the use of case studies of particular children to illustrate how institutions shifted their conceptions and treatment of children in an attempt to distance white youth from the conditions of newly freed black youth."

From Preschool to Prison: The Criminalization of Black Girls (12/8/2017)
"The 'school-to-prison pipeline' discussion often neglects the ways in which black girls are disproportionately and unfairly disciplined by the U.S. education system. Recent data show that schools are expelling and suspending black girls at alarming rates, which can lead to a harmful cycle of criminality that persists throughout their adult lives."

Schools need to acknowledge their part in the criminalization of Black youth, Stanford scholar says (6/18/2020)
"A former special education teacher in both public schools and youth prisons, Annamma is the author of the recent book The Pedagogy of Pathologization, which explores the construction of criminal identities in schools through the experiences of disabled girls of color. Her research focuses on making education more equitable for historically marginalized students."

Research Confirms that Black Girls Feel the Sting of Adultification Bias Identified in Earlier Georgetown Law Study
"Building on its groundbreaking 2017 Girlhood Interrupted study showing that adults view black girls as more adult-like and less innocent than white girls, Georgetown Law’s Center on Poverty and Inequality today released a follow-up study that finds black girls routinely experience adultification bias."

Black Boys Viewed as Older, Less Innocent Than Whites, Research Finds
"Black boys as young as 10 may not be viewed in the same light of childhood innocence as their white peers, but are instead more likely to be mistaken as older, be perceived as guilty and face police violence if accused of a crime, according to new research published by the American Psychological Association."

NC Family Impact Seminar, School Suspension: Research and Policy Options

How Today's Students Experience the School to Prison Pipeline

"At least 22 states make it a crime to disturb school in ways that teenagers are wired to do. Why did this happen?"  (Read more)

"Years of scientific study have shown us that, when children’s stress response systems remain activated at high levels for long periods, it can have a significant wear-and-tear effect on their developing brains and other biological systems. This can have lifelong effects on learning, behavior, and both physical and mental health."  (Read more)